Tabriz University of Medical Sciences BioImpacts 2228-5652 10 4 2020 09 08 Designing a new generation of expression toolkits for engineering of green microalgae; robust production of human interleukin-2 259 268 10.34172/bi.2020.33 EN Jaber Dehghani https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3739-7983 Khosro Adibkia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1053-5557 Ali Movafeghi Mohammad M. Pourseif Yadollah Omidi https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0067-2475 Journal Article 10.34172/bi.2020.33 2020 06 01 2020 06 29 Introduction: Attributable to some critical features especially the similarity of the protein synthesis machinery between humans and microalgae, these microorganisms can be utilized for the expression of many recombinant proteins. However, low and unstable gene expression levels prevent the further development of microalgae biotechnology towards protein production. Methods: Here, we designed a novel "Gained Agrobacterium-2A plasmid for microalgae expression" (named GAME plasmid) for the production of the human interleukin-2 using three model microalgae, including Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Chlorella vulgaris, and Dunaliella salina. The GAME plasmid harbors a native chimeric hsp70/Int-1/rbcS2 promoter, the microalgae specific Kozak sequence, a novel hybrid 2A peptide, and Int-1 and Int-3 of the rbcS2 gene in its expression cassette. Results: The obtained data confirmed that the GAME plasmid can transform the microalgae with high transformation frequency. Molecular and proteomic analyses revealed the stable and robust production of the hIL-2 by the GAME plasmid in the microalgae. According to the densimetric analysis, the microalgae can accumulate the produced protein about 0.94% of the total soluble protein content. The ELISA data confirmed that the produced hIL-2 possesses the same conformation pattern with the acceptable biological activity found naturally in humans. Conclusion: Most therapeutic proteins need post-translational modifications for their correct conformation, biological function, and half-life. Accordingly, microalgae could be considered as a cost-effective and more powerful platform for the production of a wide range of recombinant proteins such as antibodies, enzymes, hormones, and vaccines.