Tabriz University of Medical Sciences BioImpacts 2228-5652 16 1 2026 01 04 RNA vaccines in motion: A multidisciplinary exploration of design, delivery, and deployment 33056 33056 10.34172/bi.33056 EN Qamar Abuhassan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1038-6483 Ahmed Aldulaimi O. S. Waleed Subbulakshmi Ganesan V. Kavitha Laxmidhar Maharana‎ Renu Sharma‎ Mutabar Latipova Nazira Madatova Doniyor Jumanazarov Aseel Smerat Journal Article 10.34172/bi.33056 2025 10 26 2026 06 27 RNA vaccines represent a major advance in prophylactic and therapeutic vaccinology, largely due to the success of nucleoside-modified mRNA vaccines encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) during the COVID-19 pandemic. These platforms build on long-standing progress in RNA chemistry, immunology, and nanotechnology. This review concentrates primarily on molecular design (codon/sequence optimization, chemical modifications, and data-driven antigen selection) and delivery optimization (LNPs and emerging alternatives like virus-like particles, extracellular vesicles, and ligand-targeted systems). Clinical progress is highlighted through examples from oncology, including personalized neoantigen approaches, combination therapies, and immunopeptidomics-guided validation, as well as early preclinical work on tolerance induction and localized protein replacement. Overall, continued refinement of RNA sequence engineering and delivery systems positions these platforms as flexible tools for rapid-response vaccination and therapy, especially where fast antigen adaptation and scalable production are required.