Muhammad H. Sultan
1 
, Wael A. Mahdi
2, Young M. Kwon
3* 1 Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
2 Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
3 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
Abstract
Introduction: Neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin is an intermediate-acting basal insulin with a long history of clinical use, consisting native human insulin. Its rather undesirable action profile, characterized by a peak release within a few hours, followed by insufficient insulin delivery upon a single subcutaneous (s.c.) dose, is well-documented. This may have been caused by the inherent microcrystal structure involving the basic peptide protamine, as well as the presence of tissue enzyme activities that readily act on protamine at the injection site. This issue may be circumvented by utilizing thermosensitive, erodible Pluronic F127 (PF127) to modulate the kinetics of insulin release from NPH over a period of 24 hours in which the hydrogel is completely eroded.
Methods: Previously, we have shown that insulin release rates in vitro from NPH/PF127 formulations (0-25% PF127) markedly reduced the initial insulin release, especially in the presence of enzyme activity that selectively degraded protamine at 1-5 U/mL. Insulin release over the course of 20 hours was better modulated in the presence of increasing PF127 content. In this study, the insulin formulations (0, 20, and 25% PF127) were administered s.c. (4 U/kg) to streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats and blood glucose levels were monitored over 24 hours.
Results: In vivo blood glucose depression profiles in STZ-induced diabetic rats exhibited a similar pattern of control to in vitro data at the single s.c. dose of 4 U/kg, apparently extending the duration of action of NPH over a 24-hour period in the presence of PF127.
Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the undesirable kinetics of insulin release from NPH is significantly influenced by tissue enzyme activity and that the presence of PF127 provided a timely modulation of insulin release from NPH microcrystals in the STZ-induced diabetic rat model.