Seyedeh-Sara Hashemi
1,2 
, Ali Akbar Mohammadi
1,3 , Seyedeh-Somayeh Rajabi
4, Parisa Sanati
1,5 , Alireza Rafati
6 , Mehdi Kian
2,7* , Zahra Zarei
3* 1 Burn and Wound Healing Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
2 Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Fars, Iran
3 Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Fars, Iran
4 Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
5 Iran National Elite Foundation, Tehran, Iran
6 Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Sarvestan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sarvestan, Fars, Iran
7 Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Fars, Iran
Abstract
Introduction: Recently, the application of nanofibrous mats for dressing skin wounds has received great attention. In this study, we aimed to fabricate and characterize an electrospun nanofibrous mat containing polycaprolactone (PCL), chitosan (CTS), and propolis for use as a tissue-engineered skin substitute.
Methods: Raw propolis was extracted, and its phenolic and flavonoid contents were measured. The physiochemical and biological properties of the fabricated mats, including PCL, PCL/CTS, and PCL/CTS/Propolis were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), mechanical analysis, swelling and degradation behaviors, contact angle measurement, cell attachment, DAPI staining, and MTT assay. On the other hand, the drug release pattern of propolis from the PCL/CTS/Propolis scaffold was determined. A deep second-degree burn wound model was induced in rats to investigate wound healing using macroscopical and histopathological evaluations.
Results: The results revealed that the propolis extract contained high amounts of phenolic and flavonoid compounds. The fabricated scaffold had suitable physicochemical and mechanical properties. Uniform, bead-free, and well-branched fibers were observed in SEM images of mats. AFM analysis indicated that the addition of CTS and propolis to PCL elevated the surface roughness. MTT results revealed that the electrospun PCL/CTS/Propolis mat was biocompatible. The presence of fibroblast cells on the PCL/CTS/Propolis mats was confirmed by DAPI staining and SEM images. Also, propolis was sustainably released from the PCL/CTS/Propolis mat. The animal study revealed that addition of propolis significantly improved wound healing.
Conclusion: The nanofibrous PCL/CTS/Propolis mat can be applied as a tissue-engineered skin substitute for healing cutaneous wounds, such as burn wounds.