Natural and phytochemical-based nano scaffolds in odonto-osteogenic regeneration: Structural features and clinical translation

Abstract

The design of scaffolds is crucial in bone and dental tissue engineering, especially for promoting odontogenic and osteogenic differentiation. Here, we review natural-based scaffolds derived from biological macromolecules such as hyaluronic acid, collagen, chitosan, gelatin, and cellulose, which present excellent biocompatibility and structural similarity to that observed in the extracellular matrix. The incorporation of bioactives of plant origin, such as curcumin, rutin, icariin, and propolis, enhances the bioactivity of the scaffolds through their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and pro-regenerative effects. These hybrid systems are capable of overcoming the limitations in mechanical resistance and efficacy of natural scaffolds. This review summarizes recent advances in natural and phytochemical-based nanoscaffolds for odonto-osteogenic regeneration, focusing on their structural characteristics, biological functions, and mechanisms that promote tissue differentiation. In addition, current strategies for scaffold functionalization with phytochemicals and their potential to improve regenerative outcomes are discussed. Particular attention is given to emerging approaches such as controlled drug release systems and three-dimensional (3D), as well as the challenges and prospects for clinical translation in dental and bone tissue regeneration.

Keywords: Odontogenic and osteogenic differentiation, Natural scaffold, Macromolecules, Phytochemicals