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Bioimpacts. 2017;7(2): 115-133. doi: 10.15171/bi.2017.15
PMID: 28752076        PMCID: PMC5524986

Review

Molecular machineries of pH dysregulation in tumor microenvironment: potential targets for cancer therapy

Mohammad Reza Asgharzadeh 1,2, Jaleh Barar 3,4 ORCID, Mohammad M. Pourseif 3, Morteza Eskandani 3, Mojtaba Jafari Niya 1,2, Mohammad Reza Mashayekhi 5, Yadollah Omidi 3,4 * ORCID

Cited by CrossRef: 95

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5- Simay S, Akbarzadeh-Khiavi M, Pourseif M, Barar J, Safary A, Omidi Y. Recombinant production and characterization of L-glutaminase (glsA) as a promiscuity therapeutic enzyme. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2022;106(17):5511 [Crossref]
6- Chen X, Ding J, Hu G, Shu X, Liu Y, Du J, Wen Z, Liu J, Huang H, Tang G, Liu W. Estrogen‐Induced LncRNA, LINC02568, Promotes Estrogen Receptor‐Positive Breast Cancer Development and Drug Resistance Through Both InTrans and In Cis Mechanisms. Advanced Science. 2023;10(25) [Crossref]
7- Pei Y, Wang Z, Wang C. Recent Progress in Polymeric AIE-Active Drug Delivery Systems: Design and Application. Mol Pharmaceutics. 2021;18(11):3951 [Crossref]
8- Moghaddam F, Zare E, Hassanpour M, Bertani F, Serajian A, Ziaei S, Paiva-Santos A, Neisiany R, Makvandi P, Iravani S, Xu Y. Chitosan-based nanosystems for cancer diagnosis and therapy: Stimuli-responsive, immune response, and clinical studies. Carbohydrate Polymers. 2024;330:121839 [Crossref]
9- Dolatkhah M, Omidi Y. Renewed interests in carbonic anhydrase IX in relevance to breast cancer treatment. Bioimpacts. 2019;9(4):195 [Crossref]
10- Wang H, Xia P, Kurboniyon M, Fang S, Huang K, Ning S, Jin G, Zhang L, Wang C. V-doped MoS2 nanozymes providing reactive oxygen species and depleting glutathione for photothermally-enhanced nanocatalytic therapy. Front Pharmacol. 2024;15 [Crossref]
11- Pérez-Herrero E, Fernández-Medarde A. The reversed intra- and extracellular pH in tumors as a unified strategy to chemotherapeutic delivery using targeted nanocarriers. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B. 2021;11(8):2243 [Crossref]
12- Yang H, Chen R, Zheng X, Luo Y, Yao M, Ke F, Guo X, Liu X, Liu Q. Cooperative Role of Carbonic Anhydrase IX/XII in Driving Tumor Invasion and Metastasis: A Novel Targeted Therapeutic Strategy. Cells. 2025;14(10):693 [Crossref]
13- Dolatkhah M, Hashemzadeh N, Barar J, Adibkia K, Aghanejad A, Barzegar-Jalali M, Omidian H, Omidi Y. Stimuli-Responsive Graphene Oxide and Methotrexate-Loaded Magnetic Nanoparticles for Breast Cancer-Targeted Therapy. Nanomedicine (Lond). 2021;16(24):2155 [Crossref]
14- Zhang Q, Inose T, Ricci M, Li J, Tian Y, Wen H, Toyouchi S, Fron E, Ngoc Dao A, Kasai H, Rocha S, Hirai K, Fortuni B, Uji-i H. Gold-Photodeposited Silver Nanowire Endoscopy for Cytosolic and Nuclear pH Sensing. ACS Appl Nano Mater. 2021;4(9):9886 [Crossref]
15- Chang J, Li Q, Zhang T, Sun H, Jia Z, Li Y, Zhang S, Sun T, Ma S, Cao J. Genome-wide CRISPR screening of genes and pathways for insect cell responding to abnormal environmental pH. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2025;305:141000 [Crossref]
16- Amiryaghoubi N, Fathi M, Barar J, Omidian H, Omidi Y. Advanced nanoscale drug delivery systems for bone cancer therapy. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease. 2023;1869(6):166739 [Crossref]
17- Ebrahimi G, Pakchin P, Mota A, Omidian H, Omidi Y. Electrochemical microfluidic paper-based analytical devices for cancer biomarker detection: From 2D to 3D sensing systems. Talanta. 2023;257:124370 [Crossref]
18- Oliver A, Darcy P, Trapani J, Kershaw M, Slaney C. Cross‐talk between tumors at anatomically distinct sites. The FEBS Journal. 2021;288(1):81 [Crossref]
19- Waheed S, Li Z, Zhang F, Chiarini A, Armato U, Wu J. Engineering nano-drug biointerface to overcome biological barriers toward precision drug delivery. J Nanobiotechnol. 2022;20(1) [Crossref]
20- Vandghanooni S, Eskandani M, Barar J, Omidi Y. Antisense LNA-loaded nanoparticles of star-shaped glucose-core PCL-PEG copolymer for enhanced inhibition of oncomiR-214 and nucleolin-mediated therapy of cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cells. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2020;573:118729 [Crossref]
21- Chen H, Dou W, Zhu Q, Jiang D, Xia J, Wang X, Tang W, Wang S. The extraction and characterization of porous HA/β-TCP biphasic calcium phosphate from sole fish bones at different temperatures. Mater Res Express. 2019;6(12):125412 [Crossref]
22- Chan B, Cheng I, Rozita J, Gorshteyn I, Huang Y, Shaffer I, Chang C, Li W, Lytton J, Den Besten P, Zhang Y. Sodium/(calcium + potassium) exchanger NCKX4 optimizes KLK4 activity in the enamel matrix microenvironment to regulate ECM modeling. Front Physiol. 2023;14 [Crossref]
23- Ceylan C, Doluoglu O, Yahşi S. A different perspective: Can urine pH be important in the diagnosis of prostate cancer?. Urologia. 2020;87(1):19 [Crossref]
24- Parvizpour S, Masoudi-Sobhanzadeh Y, Pourseif M, Barzegari A, Razmara J, Omidi Y. Pharmacoinformatics-based phytochemical screening for anticancer impacts of yellow sweet clover, Melilotus officinalis (Linn.) Pall. Computers in Biology and Medicine. 2021;138:104921 [Crossref]
25- Omidi Y, Mobasher M, Castejon A, Mahmoudi M. Recent advances in nanoscale targeted therapy of HER2-positive breast cancer. Journal of Drug Targeting. 2022;30(7):687 [Crossref]
26- Chen T, Lin X, Lu S, Li B. V-ATPase in cancer: mechanistic insights and therapeutic potentials. Cell Commun Signal. 2024;22(1) [Crossref]
27- Li B, Liu Y, Sun S. Proton pump inhibitors display anti‐tumour potential in glioma. Cell Proliferation. 2023;56(7) [Crossref]
28- Du Y, Xin Z, Liu T, Xu P, Mao F, Yao J. Overexpressed CA12 has prognostic value in pancreatic cancer and promotes tumor cell apoptosis via NF-κB signaling. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2021;147(5):1557 [Crossref]
29- Gupta P, Khan F, Roy S, Anwar S, Dahiya R, Alajmi M, Hussain A, Rehman M, Lai D, Hassan M. Functional implications of pH-induced conformational changes in the Sphingosine kinase 1. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy. 2020;225:117453 [Crossref]
30- Li Z, Huang J, Wu J. pH-Sensitive nanogels for drug delivery in cancer therapy. Biomater Sci. 2021;9(3):574 [Crossref]
31- Rohman N, Mohiuddin T, Ahmed K, Khan I, Rajkhowa S, Skelton A. Theoretical modelling of electrostatic interactions in pH-dependent drug loading and releasing by functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Chem Pap. 2023;77(3):1507 [Crossref]
32- Naghib S, Ahmadi B, Mikaeeli Kangarshahi B, Mozafari M. Chitosan-based smart stimuli-responsive nanoparticles for gene delivery and gene therapy: Recent progresses on cancer therapy. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2024;278:134542 [Crossref]
33- Loh S, Tsai Y, Huang S, Yu T, Kuo P, Chao S, Chou M, Tsai C, Lee S. Effects of Andrographolide on Intracellular pH Regulation, Cellular Migration, and Apoptosis in Human Cervical Cancer Cells (Running Tittle: Effects of Andrographolide on pH Regulators and Apoptosis in Cervical Cancer). Cancers. 2020;12(2):387 [Crossref]
34- Depaoli M, Bischof H, Eroglu E, Burgstaller S, Ramadani-Muja J, Rauter T, Schinagl M, Waldeck-Weiermair M, Hay J, Graier W, Malli R. Live cell imaging of signaling and metabolic activities. Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2019;202:98 [Crossref]
35- Friedl J, Nele V, De Rosa G, Bernkop‐Schnürch A. Bioinert, Stealth or Interactive: How Surface Chemistry of Nanocarriers Determines Their Fate In Vivo. Adv Funct Materials. 2021;31(34) [Crossref]
36- Hashemzadeh S, Shahmorad S, Rafii-Tabar H, Omidi Y. Computational modeling to determine key regulators of hypoxia effects on the lactate production in the glycolysis pathway. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1) [Crossref]
37- Alfarouk K, Ahmed S, Ahmed A, Elliott R, Ibrahim M, Ali H, Wales C, Nourwali I, Aljarbou A, Bashir A, Alhoufie S, Alqahtani S, Cardone R, Fais S, Harguindey S, Reshkin S. The Interplay of Dysregulated pH and Electrolyte Imbalance in Cancer. Cancers. 2020;12(4):898 [Crossref]
38- Gonzalez-Villarreal C, Quiroz-Reyes A, Islas J, Garza-Treviño E. Colorectal Cancer Stem Cells in the Progression to Liver Metastasis. Front Oncol. 2020;10 [Crossref]
39- Liu S, Zhang J, Zhang N, Meng X, Liu K, Yang Y, Sun T, Sun L. Vibratome sectioning of tumors to evaluate the interactions between nanoparticles and the tumor microenvironment ex-vivo. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2022;10 [Crossref]
40- Chovancova B, Liskova V, Babula P, Krizanova O. Role of Sodium/Calcium Exchangers in Tumors. Biomolecules. 2020;10(9):1257 [Crossref]
41- Mukherjee S, Dhar R, Jonnalagadda S, Gorai S, Nag S, Kar R, Mukerjee N, Mukherjee D, Vatsa R, Arikketh D, Krishnan A, Gundamaraju R, Jha S, Alexiou A, Papadakis M. Exosomal miRNAs and breast cancer: a complex theranostics interlink with clinical significance. Biomarkers. 2023;28(6):502 [Crossref]
42- Chen G, Lee S, Huang S, Chao S, Chang C, Wu G, Li C, Loh S. Functional and molecular characterization of transmembrane intracellular pH regulators in human dental pulp stem cells. Archives of Oral Biology. 2018;90:19 [Crossref]
43- Ling C, Sun T, Chen F, Wu H, Tao W, Xie X, Ji D, Gao G, Chen J, Ling Y, Zhang Y. Precise tumor delineation in clinical tissues using a novel acidic tumor microenvironment activatable near-infrared fluorescent contrast agent. Analytica Chimica Acta. 2023;1279:341815 [Crossref]
44- Torres-Pérez S, Torres-Pérez C, Pedraza-Escalona M, Pérez-Tapia S, Ramón-Gallegos E. Glycosylated Nanoparticles for Cancer-Targeted Drug Delivery. Front Oncol. 2020;10 [Crossref]
45- Raheem M, Rahim M, Gul I, Zhong X, Xiao C, Zhang H, Wei J, He Q, Hassan M, Zhang C, Yu D, Pandey V, Du K, Wang R, Han S, Han Y, Qin P. Advances in nanoparticles-based approaches in cancer theranostics. OpenNano. 2023;12:100152 [Crossref]
46- Akbarzadeh Khiavi M, Safary A, Barar J, Ajoolabady A, Somi M, Omidi Y. Multifunctional nanomedicines for targeting epidermal growth factor receptor in colorectal cancer. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2020;77(6):997 [Crossref]
47- Peng X, Yan J, Cheng F. LncRNA TMPO-AS1 up-regulates the expression of HIF-1α and promotes the malignant phenotypes of retinoblastoma cells via sponging miR-199a-5p. Pathology - Research and Practice. 2020;216(4):152853 [Crossref]
48- Guo X, Cheng Y, Zhao X, Luo Y, Chen J, Yuan W. Advances in redox-responsive drug delivery systems of tumor microenvironment. J Nanobiotechnol. 2018;16(1) [Crossref]
49- Asgharzadeh M, Pourseif M, Barar J, Eskandani M, Jafari Niya M, Mashayekhi M, Omidi Y. Functional expression and impact of testis-specific gene antigen 10 in breast cancer: a combined in vitro and in silico analysis. Bioimpacts. 2019;9(3):145 [Crossref]
50- PETIK A. The Role оf Fibrin Clot Structure to Ensure its Physiological Functions. Eksp klìn fìzìol bìohìm. 2017;2017(4):71 [Crossref]
51- Amiryaghoubi N, Abdollahiyan P, Fathi M, Erfan-Niya H. Injectable chitosan copolymer/gold nanoparticles/gelatin hybrid hydrogels for delivery of doxorubicin for breast cancer treatment. Polym Bull. 2024;81(15):14199 [Crossref]
52- Szadvari I, Hudecova S, Chovancova B, Matuskova M, Cholujova D, Lencesova L, Valerian D, Ondrias K, Babula P, Krizanova O. Sodium/calcium exchanger is involved in apoptosis induced by H2S in tumor cells through decreased levels of intracellular pH. Nitric Oxide. 2019;87:1 [Crossref]
53- Bertolini I, Storaci A, Terrasi A, Cristofori A, Locatelli M, Caroli M, Ferrero S, Altieri D, Vaira V. Interplay Between V-ATPase G1 and Small EV-miRNAs Modulates ERK1/2 Activation in GBM Stem Cells and Nonneoplastic Milieu. 2020;18(11):1744 [Crossref]
54- Li C, Wang Y, Du Y, Qian M, Jiang H, Wang J, Murthy N, Huang R. Side effects-avoided theranostics achieved by biodegradable magnetic silica-sealed mesoporous polymer-drug with ultralow leakage. Biomaterials. 2018;186:1 [Crossref]
55- Rahbar Saadat Y, Barar J. Exosomes as versatile nanoscaled biocompartments in cancer therapy and/or resistance. Bioimpacts. 2022;12(2):87 [Crossref]
56- Abdolahinia E, Nadri S, Rahbarghazi R, Barar J, Aghanejad A, Omidi Y. Enhanced penetration and cytotoxicity of metformin and collagenase conjugated gold nanoparticles in breast cancer spheroids. Life Sciences. 2019;231:116545 [Crossref]
57- Huang H, Liu R, Yang J, Dai J, Fan S, Pi J, Wei Y, Guo X. Gold Nanoparticles: Construction for Drug Delivery and Application in Cancer Immunotherapy. Pharmaceutics. 2023;15(7):1868 [Crossref]
58- Zhang X, Chen H, Lin H, Wen R, Yang F, Liu Y. High-Throughput Screening and Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Natural Products for the Identification of Anticancer Agents against MCM7 Protein. Applied Bionics and Biomechanics. 2022;2022:1 [Crossref]
59- Borran A, Aghanejad A, Farajollahi A, Barar J, Omidi Y. Gold nanoparticles for radiosensitizing and imaging of cancer cells. Radiation Physics and Chemistry. 2018;152:137 [Crossref]
60- Shu S, Yang Y, Allen C, Maguire O, Minderman H, Sen A, Ciesielski M, Collins K, Bush P, Singh P, Wang X, Morgan M, Qu J, Bankert R, Whiteside T, Wu Y, Ernstoff M. Metabolic reprogramming of stromal fibroblasts by melanoma exosome microRNA favours a pre-metastatic microenvironment. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1) [Crossref]
61- Ben-Zichri S, Meltzer M, Lacham-Hartman S, Kolusheva S, Hadad U, Papo N, Jelinek R. Synergistic Activity of Anticancer Polyphenols Embedded in Amphiphilic Dendrimer Nanoparticles. ACS Appl Polym Mater. 2022;4(12):8913 [Crossref]
62- Giambra M, Di Cristofori A, Raimondo F, Rigolio R, Conconi D, Chiarello G, Tabano S, Antolini L, Nicolini G, Bua M, Ferlito D, Carrabba G, Giussani C, Lavitrano M, Bentivegna A. Vacuolar Proton-Translocating ATPase May Take Part in the Drug Resistance Phenotype of Glioma Stem Cells. IJMS. 2024;25(5):2743 [Crossref]
63- Amina S, Guo B.

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65- Bhaladhare S, Bhattacharjee S. Chemical, physical, and biological stimuli-responsive nanogels for biomedical applications (mechanisms, concepts, and advancements): A review. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2023;226:535 [Crossref]
66- Li Z, He P, Long Y, Yuan G, Shen W, Chen Z, Zhang B, Wang Y, Yue D, Seidl C, Zhang X. Drug Repurposing of Pantoprazole and Vitamin C Targeting Tumor Microenvironment Conditions Improves Anticancer Effect in Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Front Oncol. 2021;11 [Crossref]
67- Veider F, Sanchez Armengol E, Bernkop‐Schnürch A. Charge‐Reversible Nanoparticles: Advanced Delivery Systems for Therapy and Diagnosis. Small. 2024;20(3) [Crossref]
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69- Kciuk M, Gielecińska A, Budzinska A, Mojzych M, Kontek R. Metastasis and MAPK Pathways. IJMS. 2022;23(7):3847 [Crossref]
70- Khan K, Albalawi K, Abbas M, Burki S, Musad Saleh E, Al Mouslem A, Alsaiari A, A. Zaki M, Khan A, Alotaibi G, Jalal K. Pharmacokinetics and drug-likeness of anti-cancer traditional Chinese medicine: molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation study. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics. 2024;42(7):3295 [Crossref]
71- Kciuk M, Gielecińska A, Mujwar S, Mojzych M, Marciniak B, Drozda R, Kontek R. Targeting carbonic anhydrase IX and XII isoforms with small molecule inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies. Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry. 2022;37(1):1278 [Crossref]
72- Khalil I, Sato Y, Harashima H. Recent advances in the targeting of systemically administered non-viral gene delivery systems. Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery. 2019;16(10):1037 [Crossref]
73- Fathi M, Sahandi Zangabad P, Majidi S, Barar J, Erfan-Niya H, Omidi Y. Stimuli-responsive chitosan-based nanocarriers for cancer therapy. Bioimpacts. 2017;7(4):269 [Crossref]
74- Zhang X, Lu J, Abudukeyoumu A, Hou D, Dong J, Wu J, Liu L, Li M, Xie F. Glucose transporters: Important regulators of endometrial cancer therapy sensitivity. Front Oncol. 2022;12 [Crossref]
75- Aghanejad A, Babamiri H, Adibkia K, Barar J, Omidi Y. Mucin-1 aptamer-armed superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for targeted delivery of doxorubicin to breast cancer cells. BI. 2018;8(2):117 [Crossref]
76- Neupane R, Boddu S, Abou-Dahech M, Bachu R, Terrero D, Babu R, Tiwari A. Transdermal Delivery of Chemotherapeutics: Strategies, Requirements, and Opportunities. Pharmaceutics. 2021;13(7):960 [Crossref]
77- Isowa M, Hamaguchi R, Narui R, Morikawa H, Okamoto T, Wada H. Exploring the Potential Use of Natural Products Together with Alkalization in Cancer Therapy. Pharmaceutics. 2024;16(6):787 [Crossref]
78- Rotermund A, Brandt S, Staege M, Luetzkendorf J, Mueller L, Mueller T. Differential CMS-Related Expression of Cell Surface Carbonic Anhydrases IX and XII in Colorectal Cancer Models—Implications for Therapy. IJMS. 2023;24(6):5797 [Crossref]
79- Hashemzadeh N, Dolatkhah M, Adibkia K, Aghanejad A, Barzegar-Jalali M, Omidi Y, Barar J. Recent advances in breast cancer immunotherapy: The promising impact of nanomedicines. Life Sciences. 2021;271:119110 [Crossref]
80- Shi Z, Liu J, Tian L, Li J, Gao Y, Xing Y, Yan W, Hua C, Xie X, Liu C, Liang C. Insights into stimuli-responsive diselenide bonds utilized in drug delivery systems for cancer therapy. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2022;155:113707 [Crossref]
81- Spugnini E, Logozzi M, Di Raimo R, Mizzoni D, Fais S. A Role of Tumor-Released Exosomes in Paracrine Dissemination and Metastasis. IJMS. 2018;19(12):3968 [Crossref]
82- Kashapov R, Razuvayeva Y, Ziganshina A, Lyubina A, Amerhanova S, Sapunova A, Voloshina A, Nizameev I, Salnikov V, Zakharova L. Formation of supramolecular structures in aqueous medium by noncovalent interactions between surfactant and resorcin[4]arene. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. 2022;648:129330 [Crossref]
83- An J, Peng C, Tang H, Liu X, Peng F. New Advances in the Research of Resistance to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Breast Cancer. IJMS. 2021;22(17):9644 [Crossref]
84- Souho T, Lamboni L, Xiao L, Yang G. Cancer hallmarks and malignancy features: Gateway for improved targeted drug delivery. Biotechnology Advances. 2018;36(7):1928 [Crossref]
85- Vandghanooni S, Eskandani M, Barar J, Omidi Y. AS1411 aptamer-decorated cisplatin-loaded poly(lactic- co -glycolic acid) Nanoparticles for Targeted Therapy of miR-21-inhibited Ovarian Cancer Cells . Nanomedicine (Lond). 2018;13(21):2729 [Crossref]
86- Varshney D, Qiu S, Graf T, McHugh K. Employing Drug Delivery Strategies to Overcome Challenges Using TLR7/8 Agonists for Cancer Immunotherapy. AAPS J. 2021;23(4) [Crossref]
87- Jafari B, Pourseif M, Barar J, Rafi M, Omidi Y. Peptide-mediated drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier for targeting brain tumors. Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery. 2019;16(6):583 [Crossref]
88- Tavares-Valente D, Sousa B, Schmitt F, Baltazar F, Queirós O. Disruption of pH Dynamics Suppresses Proliferation and Potentiates Doxorubicin Cytotoxicity in Breast Cancer Cells. Pharmaceutics. 2021;13(2):242 [Crossref]
89- Fathi M, Alami-Milani M, Geranmayeh M, Barar J, Erfan-Niya H, Omidi Y. Dual thermo-and pH-sensitive injectable hydrogels of chitosan/(poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-itaconic acid)) for doxorubicin delivery in breast cancer. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2019;128:957 [Crossref]
90- Zhang W, Wang D, Luo R, Liu H. Research Progress of Near-Infrared Fluorescent Surgical Navigation Probes. Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry. 2024;44(6):1760 [Crossref]

As a peer-reviewed international open-access journal, BioImpacts publishes articles on basic and translational aspects of pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences. 
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