SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-triggered autoimmunity: Molecular mimicry and/or bystander activation of the immune system

Azam Safary ^1,2 , Mostafa Akbarzadeh-Khiavi ³ , Jaleh Barar ⁴ , Yadollah Omidi ² *

Cited by CrossRef: 7

1- Arévalo-Cortés A, Rodriguez-Pinto D, Aguilar-Ayala L, Mageed R. Evidence for Molecular Mimicry between SARS‐CoV‐2 and Human Antigens: Implications for Autoimmunity in COVID‐19. Autoimmune Diseases. 2024;2024(1) [Crossref]

2- Hsiung K, Chiang H, Reinig S, Shih S. Vaccine Strategies Against RNA Viruses: Current Advances and Future Directions. Vaccines. 2024;12(12):1345 [Crossref]

3- Zhou J, Chu M, Feng Y, Ji Y, Chen X, Zhang T, Qian J. Nephrotic syndrome and Guillain-Barré syndrome following umbilical cord blood transplantation in acute myeloid leukemia: correlated with COVID-19?. BMC Infect Dis. 2025; [Crossref]

4- Zhang Y, Zhang H, Lv K, Lin X, Chen F, Cao H, Chen C. Retinal Vascular Occlusion Following COVID-19 Vaccination: A Comprehensive Review of Observational Study and Pathophysiological Mechanisms. Vaccines. 2025;13(7):733 [Crossref]

5- Jafari-Nakhjavanlou A, Irajian P, Zahedi Bialvaei A. Potential mechanisms linking bacterial factors to the development and progression of multiple sclerosis. Infectious Medicine. 2025;4(4):100219 [Crossref]

6- Erdoğdu B, Kaplan O, Çelebier M, Malkan Ü, Haznedaroğlu İ. Hepatic Metabolic Dysregulation as a Potential Amplifier of Leukemogenesis Following mRNA Vaccination: A Novel Mechanistic Hypothesis. Medicina. 2025;61(9):1687 [Crossref]

7- Kloub M, Elfert K, Rosado F, Elnajjar A, Eldesouki M, Abusalim A. Seronegative Autoimmune Hepatitis Following Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infection. 2025; [Crossref]

8- Gopalaswamy R, Aravindhan V, Subbian S. The Ambivalence of Post COVID-19 Vaccination Responses in Humans. Biomolecules. 2024;14(10):1320 [Crossref]

9- Yong S, Kenny T, Halim A, Munipalli B, Alhashem Y, AlSaihati H, Al‐Subaie M, Al Kaabi N, Al Fares M, Garout M, Sabour A, Alshiekheid M, Almansour Z, Alotaibi J, Alrasheed H, Alamri A, Albayat H, Alamodi A, Tombuloglu H, Mohapatra R, Hazazi A, Rabaan A. Post‐COVID‐19 Vaccination (or Long Vax) Syndrome: Putative Manifestation, Pathophysiology, and Therapeutic Options. Reviews in Medical Virology. 2025;35(5) [Crossref]

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